pnicogens

Pnicogens are the elements found in Group 15 of the periodic table. This group includes nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), and bismuth (Bi). The name "pnicogen" is derived from the Greek word "pnigein," meaning "to choke" or "to suffocate," a reference to the properties of some of these elements, particularly phosphorus and arsenic, which can be toxic. The heaviest element in this group, moscovium (Mc), is a synthetic element and its properties are not fully characterized.

The pnicogens exhibit a range of chemical and physical properties, with a notable trend down the group. Nitrogen and phosphorus are nonmetals, arsenic and antimony are metalloids, and bismuth is a metal. Their electron configuration generally features a valence shell with five electrons, specifically an s²p³ configuration. This allows them to form compounds with oxidation states ranging from -3 to +5. For example, nitrogen commonly forms nitride ions (N³⁻) and nitrogen oxides (N₂O₅), while phosphorus can form phosphides (P³⁻) and phosphates (PO₄³⁻).

Nitrogen is the most abundant element in the Earth's atmosphere and is essential for life. Phosphorus is crucial for biological processes, found in DNA and ATP. Arsenic and antimony have historically been used in various applications, including pesticides and alloys, though their toxicity limits their use. Bismuth is a relatively non-toxic metal used in pharmaceuticals and alloys.