piesoelektrilisi

Piesoelektrilisi, more commonly known as piezoelectricity, is a property of certain crystalline materials that exhibit an electrical charge in response to applied mechanical stress. Conversely, these same materials deform mechanically when an electric field is applied across them. This phenomenon is reversible, meaning mechanical stress produces electricity, and electricity produces mechanical deformation.

The effect is named after the Greek word piezein, meaning to squeeze or press. While the phenomenon was first observed by Pierre Curie and his brother Jacques in 1880, it was later given the name piezoelectricity. Many naturally occurring crystals exhibit piezoelectricity, including quartz and tourmaline. However, synthetic piezoelectric materials like lead zirconate titanate (PZT) are also widely used due to their stronger piezoelectric properties.

The mechanism behind piezoelectricity involves the asymmetric arrangement of ions within the crystal lattice. When stress is applied, these ions are displaced, creating an imbalance in charge distribution and resulting in a net electric dipole moment. This charge can then be measured as a voltage. In the reverse piezoelectric effect, an applied electric field causes the ions to shift, leading to a change in the crystal's shape.

Piezoelectric materials have found numerous applications. They are used in sensors for pressure, force, and acceleration, as in microphones, accelerometers, and medical ultrasound transducers. They are also employed in actuators to create precise movements, such as in inkjet printers and fuel injectors. In electronics, they are used for frequency control in oscillators and for energy harvesting from ambient vibrations.