phossy

Phossy, also known as phossy jaw, was a severe occupational disease affecting workers who manufactured white phosphorus matches. This condition, characterized by osteonecrosis of the jaw, was prevalent in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The disease resulted from prolonged exposure to the vapors of white phosphorus, which was used for the heads of matches to allow for easy ignition. Workers inhaled these toxic fumes, leading to the death of bone tissue in the jaw.

Symptoms of phossy jaw typically began with toothache, followed by swelling of the gums and jaw. As the disease progressed, an offensive odor would emanate from the mouth, and pus would drain from fistulas in the jaw. In severe cases, sections of the jawbone would die and slough off, often requiring surgical removal. The condition was excruciatingly painful and frequently led to disfigurement and death from infection or other complications.

The recognition of phossy jaw as a direct consequence of the working conditions in match factories eventually led to significant reforms. Public outcry and the efforts of social reformers and trade unions pushed for legislation to ban the use of white phosphorus in match production. Sweden was the first country to implement such a ban in 1901, followed by other nations. The introduction of less toxic red phosphorus or safety matches significantly reduced and eventually eliminated the occurrence of phossy jaw. The disease serves as a stark historical example of the devastating health impacts of industrial chemicals and the importance of worker safety regulations.