petechiat

Petechiae are small, pinpoint, purplish-red spots that appear on the skin or mucous membranes. They are caused by bleeding under the skin, typically from ruptured capillaries. Petechiae are not raised and do not blanch (turn white) when pressed.

The appearance of petechiae can be a symptom of various underlying conditions. Common causes include trauma, such as a prolonged coughing spell or straining, which can cause increased pressure in the blood vessels. Certain infections, like meningococcemia or viral infections such as dengue fever, can also lead to petechiae. Blood clotting disorders, including thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) or platelet dysfunction, are significant causes as they impair the body's ability to stop bleeding. Medications, particularly anticoagulants or chemotherapy drugs, can also sometimes result in petechiae. Less commonly, petechiae can be a sign of more serious conditions like vasculitis or leukemia.

Diagnosis of petechiae usually involves a physical examination to observe the characteristic appearance of the spots. A medical history, including recent illnesses, medications, and any potential for trauma, is also crucial. Further investigations may include blood tests to assess platelet count, clotting factors, and screen for infections. If an underlying condition is suspected, additional tests such as a bone marrow biopsy might be performed.

Treatment for petechiae focuses on addressing the underlying cause. If petechiae are due to a benign cause like straining, no specific treatment is usually required. However, if they are a symptom of an infection, the infection will be treated. For bleeding disorders, therapies to restore platelet function or count may be necessary. It is important to consult a healthcare professional if petechiae appear suddenly, are widespread, or are accompanied by other concerning symptoms like fever, fatigue, or bruising.