perystaltyk

Perystaltyk, also known as peristalsis, is a coordinated, wave-like contraction of smooth muscle that propels contents through hollow organs. In humans it moves ingested material from the esophagus into the stomach and onward through the digestive tract, and similar rhythmic contractions occur in other tubular organs such as the ureters. Peristaltic activity results from the sequential activation of circular and longitudinal smooth muscle and is essential for digestion and clearance of luminal material.

Mechanism: Peristalsis arises from the coordinated activity of the enteric nervous system, especially the myenteric (Auerbach) plexus, with modulation by the submucosal (Meissner) plexus. When a bolus enters a segment, circular smooth muscle behind the bolus contracts while the muscle ahead relaxes, generating a propulsive wave that pushes the contents forward. Neural input is complemented by hormonal signals and local reflexes that adjust strength and rate. Parasympathetic activity generally enhances motility, whereas sympathetic activity tends to inhibit it.

Distribution and patterns: In the esophagus, primary peristalsis occurs with swallowing, and secondary peristalsis can be triggered by distension to clear residual material. In the small and large intestine, peristaltic waves operate alongside segmentation to mix and move contents. During fasting, the migrating motor complex periodically sweeps the gut to clear stored material. Peristalsis can be altered in various motility disorders and diseases, affecting transit and absorption.

Clinical relevance: Impaired peristalsis can contribute to dysphagia, gastroesophageal reflux, ileus, or chronic constipation, while disordered contractions may cause cramps and pain. Diagnosis and management focus on underlying causes and may involve prokinetic drugs, dietary modifications, or therapies addressing neural or muscular components.