periscapular

Periscapular is an anatomical adjective that refers to the region surrounding the scapula, or shoulder blade. In clinical anatomy and allied health fields, it denotes structures that influence the stability and movement of the scapula against the thoracic wall. The periscapular region includes portions of the clavicle and proximal humerus, the acromioclavicular and glenohumeral joints, and a complex of muscles that attach to, originate from, or insert on the scapula.

Major periscapular muscles include the trapezius, serratus anterior, rhomboids (major and minor), levator scapulae, and the pectoralis minor. Together they control scapular rotation, protraction, retraction, elevation, and depression, enabling normal shoulder function. The rotator cuff muscles—supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis—also reside in close relation to the periscapular region, stabilizing the glenohumeral joint by acting on the scapula through their origins on the scapular border.

Innervation of periscapular muscles varies: trapezius mainly by the spinal accessory nerve (CN XI); serratus anterior by the long thoracic nerve; rhomboids and levator scapulae by dorsal scapular nerve and cervical nerves. The term periscapular is also used in rehab to describe exercises aimed at strengthening the scapular stabilizers to improve shoulder mechanics.

Clinical relevance: Dysfunction or imbalance in periscapular muscles can lead to abnormal scapular motion (scapular dyskinesis) and contribute to shoulder pain or impingement; assessment and rehabilitation often focus on periscapular strengthening and posture training.