perfektissä

Perfektissä, Finnish grammar’s perfect tense, describes actions that are completed in the past but have relevance to the present. It is formed with the present tense of the auxiliary verb olla (olla in its forms olen, olet, on, olemme, olette, ovat) plus the past participle of the main verb (for example: tehnyt, syönyt, lukenut, kirjoittanut, käynyt). The exact participle form varies by verb and often shows stem changes or irregularities, but the general pattern is olla + past participle.

Perfektin käyttöalueet include:

- Experiences: Olen käynyt Roomassa. I have been to Rome.

- Actions with present results: Olen lukenut kirjaa. I have read the book. The result or effect is relevant now.

- Recently completed actions and current relevance: Olen juuri syönyt. I have just eaten.

It is common to omit time references, but it can also appear with time markers such as jo, vielä, aiemmin, or tänään.

Negation and questions are formed with the same auxiliary olla: en ole nähnyt (I have not seen), Oletko kuullut? (Have you heard?). The plural forms align with the subject: olemme tehneet, olette lukeneet, etc.

Related tenses include the pluskvamperfekti (past perfect), formed with imperfect of olla plus the past participle: olin tehnyt, olimme lukeneet. The imperfect tense (imperfekti) denotes a definite past time without present relevance, e.g., "Kävin kaupassa eilen." In contrast, perfektissä emphasizes the connection to the present or experiential knowledge.

In summary, perfektissä expresses past actions with present relevance, built from olla in the present and the main verb’s past participle.