pelican

Pelican is a common name for birds in the family Pelecanidae, a group of large, water-associated birds known for their elongated beaks and distinctive throat pouches. The most recognizable feature is the expandable pouch that acts as a net and a reservoir for catching and draining water from fish before swallowing. Pelicans occur in a variety of habitats, including coastal shores, estuaries, lakes, and rivers, across Africa, Europe, Asia, the Americas, and Australia. There are eight living species, including the great white pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus), American white pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos), Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus), pink-backed pelican (Pelecanus rufescens), spot-billed pelican (Pelecanus philippensis), Australian pelican (Pelecanus conspicillatus), brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis), and Peruvian pelican (Pelecanus thagus).

Feeding behavior centers on fish. Most pelicans scoop water and fish into their bills and then drain the water before swallowing. They often forage in groups, coordinating movements to herd fish, while some species, such as the brown pelican, can perform dramatic aerial dives to strike prey from above. Reproduction typically occurs in colonies, often on islands or remote coastal sites. Nests are built from sticks and lined with vegetation, and females commonly lay two to three eggs. Both parents participate in incubation, and the hatchlings are fed by regurgitated fish.

Conservation status varies by species. While several pelican species are widespread and of least concern, others have experienced declines due to habitat loss, disturbance, and pollution. Protective measures and habitat restoration have supported recovery in some populations.