patriotism

Patriotism is a form of devotion to a country, typically expressed as loyalty to its values, institutions, and community, and a willingness to support its interests. The term derives from Latin patria, meaning fatherland.

Historically, patriotism has taken many forms. In modern usage it is often framed as civic patriotism—affection grounded in shared political ideals and allegiance to the political community, citizenship rights, and rule of law. An alternative form is ethnic or cultural patriotism, rooted in ancestry, language, or traditions. Some scholars distinguish these as complementary or overlapping strands; others argue that nationalist movements have used ethnic rhetoric to mobilize support.

Patriotism is commonly expressed through symbols and practices: national holidays, flags and anthems, military service or public service, political participation, and education about national history. It can foster social cohesion and resilience, encourage civic engagement, and mobilize collective action in times of crisis.

Critics caution that patriotism can blur judgment, justify coercion, or justify exclusion of minorities when linked to xenophobia or intolerance. The concept is debated for its potential to become nationalism or civil religion, or to be used to critique or suppress dissent. Some advocate for a 'critical patriotism' that honors country while scrutinizing its failures and demanding reform.

In contemporary discourse, patriotism varies by context and culture, ranging from inclusive, rights-based loyalty to more ethnocentric or interventionist forms. Understanding patriotism involves examining its meanings, institutions, and power dynamics within a society.