passiveaggression

Passive aggression, also known as passive-aggressive behavior, refers to indirect expressions of hostility, anger, or resentment rather than direct, open communication. It involves actions or inactions that undermine another person while masking the underlying emotion.

Common forms include the silent treatment, deliberate procrastination, intentional inefficiency, forgetfulness, sullenness, backhanded compliments, sarcasm used covertly, and foot-dragging. Nonverbal cues such as sighs, eye-rolling, or deliberate withdrawal may accompany verbal messages.

It is not a formal mental disorder, but a pattern of interaction observed in relationships, workplaces, and social settings. Causes can include fear of confrontation, a need to avoid direct accountability, power dynamics, and learned behavior from family or peer groups.

Effects can include damaged trust and communication, unresolved conflicts, and cycles of retaliation that frustrate both parties. In serious cases, it reduces cooperation and escalates tensions.

Approaches to management emphasize direct communication and boundary setting. Individuals may benefit from expressing needs with I-statements, clarifying expectations, and addressing issues promptly. In relationships or workplace settings, setting clear consequences, seeking mediation, or consulting a mental health professional can help prevent or resolve patterns of passive aggression.