partitiivne

Partitiivne, or the partitive case, is a grammatical case in Estonian that marks the direct object in many constructions and often signals indefiniteness, partiality, or non-completed actions. It contrasts with other object forms used for definite, completed objects and is a central feature of Estonian syntax.

Usage and functions include indicating an indefinite quantity or a portion of something, expressing ongoing or non-finished actions, and appearing after negation. It is also used with uncountable substances and with nouns referring to an unspecified amount, such as money, water, or food, where the exact quantity is not fixed.

The partitive is versatile and occurs across various grammatical contexts. It commonly appears with verbs of consumption, perception, possession, and measurement, as well as with nouns describing a liquid, granular, or otherwise non-counted material. In negated clauses, the object typically takes the partitive form. The form also tends to be used with quantities or numerals to convey approximate or non-specific amounts.

Examples:

- Ma joon kohvi. (I drink coffee.)

- Ma näen inimest. (I see a person.)

- Ma söön õuna. (I am eating an apple.)

- Meil on palju raha. (We have a lot of money.)

Partitiivne is a foundational element of Estonian grammar and interacts withnoun classes, plurality, and vowel harmony. It is taught early in language learning and is essential for proper sentence structure in everyday Estonian. See also Estonian grammar and cases.