paranitrotyrosine

Paranitrotyrosine, also known as 3-nitrotyrosine, is a nitrated derivative of the amino acid tyrosine. It is formed when tyrosine undergoes nitration, a chemical process involving the addition of a nitro group (-NO2). This nitration can occur endogenously within biological systems, often as a result of oxidative stress and the presence of reactive nitrogen species, such as peroxynitrite. Paranitrotyrosine itself is not a standard amino acid incorporated into proteins during normal translation.

The presence of paranitrotyrosine in biological samples can serve as a biomarker for oxidative stress and inflammation. Elevated levels have been detected in various tissues and bodily fluids in conditions associated with increased reactive nitrogen species, including cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and inflammatory conditions. Its detection can indicate cellular damage or dysregulation of antioxidant defense mechanisms.

In research settings, paranitrotyrosine is often synthesized chemically for use in studies investigating its biological effects or as a standard for analytical measurements. The techniques used to detect and quantify paranitrotyrosine include mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Understanding the formation and implications of paranitrotyrosine contributes to the broader study of redox biology and the molecular mechanisms underlying disease pathogenesis.