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Ovaries are a pair of small, oval-shaped organs located in the female pelvic region. They are part of the reproductive system and are essential for female fertility. The primary functions of the ovaries are to produce eggs, also known as ova, and to secrete hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone. These hormones play a crucial role in the development of female secondary sexual characteristics, the regulation of the menstrual cycle, and the maintenance of pregnancy.

The production of eggs begins before birth, with a finite number of immature follicles present in the ovaries. During a woman's reproductive years, typically from puberty to menopause, one or more of these follicles mature each menstrual cycle, releasing a mature egg. This process is called ovulation. If the egg is not fertilized by sperm, it is shed along with the uterine lining during menstruation. If fertilization occurs, the fertilized egg implants in the uterus, and the ovaries continue to produce hormones to support the pregnancy.

Ovarian health can be affected by various conditions, including polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), ovarian cysts, and ovarian cancer. Regular medical check-ups are important for monitoring ovarian health. Menopause, which typically occurs between the ages of 45 and 55, marks the end of a woman's reproductive capability, as the ovaries gradually cease to produce eggs and significantly reduce hormone production.