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Osteoblasts are specialized cells responsible for synthesizing and depositing new bone tissue. These cells originate from mesenchymal stem cells within the bone marrow. During bone formation, osteoblasts align on the surface of the developing bone matrix, secreting organic components such as collagen and other proteins. This extracellular matrix, known as osteoid, then undergoes mineralization, a process where calcium and phosphate ions are deposited, hardening the bone. Osteoblasts also play a crucial role in bone remodeling, a continuous process of bone breakdown and formation. When bone is being resorbed by osteoclasts, osteoblasts are recruited to the site to lay down new bone. Mature osteoblasts can become trapped within the bone matrix they produce, differentiating into osteocytes, which are the primary cells within mature bone tissue and are believed to play a role in sensing mechanical stress. Hormones like parathyroid hormone and calcitonin, as well as growth factors, regulate osteoblast activity, influencing bone growth, repair, and overall skeletal health. Disruptions in osteoblast function can lead to various bone disorders, including osteoporosis and osteogenesis imperfecta.