optionoption

OptionOption is a type construction used in type-safe programming languages to represent an optional value that may be absent at two levels. In many languages it is written as Option<Option<T>> or Maybe (Maybe T). The value of an OptionOption can encode three distinct states: None, Some(None), and Some(Some(x)). None indicates that no outer value exists; Some(None) means an outer value is present but the inner value is absent; Some(Some(x)) indicates that both layers are present and the innermost value is x.

This nested option is used to model layered optionality, such as configurations or data structures where a missing outer container has meaning distinct from an empty inner value. For example, a configuration file might have an optional section that may be completely omitted (None), present but with an unspecified subfield (Some(None)), or present with a concrete field value (Some(Some(42))). In practice, many languages provide utilities to work with these values, such as pattern matching, or functions to flatten or map inner options.

Patterning over a nested option often involves either explicit matches for the three states, or transforming the type into a simpler form via flattening (e.g., Option<Option<T>> to Option<T>) when the inner None is equivalent to a missing outer value for a given context. Some languages also allow chaining with combinators like andThen or flatMap to handle the inner layer.

Potential pitfalls include increased complexity and subtle semantics when interoperating with systems that distinguish between missing and null. See also: Option, Maybe, Nullable, Tri-state logic.