opportunizmus

Opportunizmus refers to a behavioral tendency where individuals or entities take advantage of favorable circumstances, often without long-term commitment or ethical considerations, to achieve personal or organizational gain. The concept is rooted in the idea of exploiting opportunities as they arise, prioritizing immediate benefits over broader principles or obligations. While opportunism can manifest in various contexts—such as business, politics, or interpersonal relationships—it is frequently associated with self-interest and adaptability to changing conditions.

In economics, opportunism is a key concept in transaction cost theory, particularly in the work of Ronald Coase and Oliver Williamson. It describes how parties to an agreement may act in their own self-interest, potentially violating the terms of the agreement if it benefits them. This behavior can undermine trust and cooperation, making long-term contracts or partnerships more difficult to sustain. Williamson argues that opportunism is one of the primary reasons why firms prefer hierarchical structures over market-based transactions, as internal governance can mitigate its negative effects.

In everyday life, opportunism can range from ethical gray areas, such as taking credit for others' work, to outright exploitation, such as predatory pricing or fraud. While some level of opportunism may be seen as a natural part of human behavior, excessive or unethical opportunism can lead to social distrust, legal consequences, or reputational damage. Conversely, strategic opportunism—where individuals or organizations adapt to opportunities while maintaining fairness—can drive innovation and progress.

Critics of opportunism argue that it undermines stability and fairness, while proponents may view it as a necessary trait for survival and success in competitive environments. The ethical implications of opportunism depend largely on context, intent, and the balance between self-interest and responsibility.