onitrobenzene

Onitrobenzene is a chemical compound with the formula C6H5NO2. It is an organic molecule composed of a benzene ring substituted with a nitro group. Onitrobenzene is a pale yellow, oily liquid with a characteristic almond-like odor. It is sparingly soluble in water but miscible with many organic solvents like ethanol and diethyl ether.

The primary industrial production method for onitrobenzene is through the nitration of benzene. This reaction typically involves treating benzene with a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and sulfuric acid, often referred to as "mixed acid." Sulfuric acid acts as a catalyst, facilitating the formation of the nitronium ion (NO2+), which then attacks the benzene ring.

Onitrobenzene is a crucial intermediate in the synthesis of a wide range of chemicals. Its most significant application is in the production of aniline (C6H5NH2) through reduction of the nitro group. Aniline is a key precursor for dyes, pharmaceuticals, polymers, and rubber processing chemicals. Other derivatives of onitrobenzene find uses as pesticides, explosives, and antioxidants.

Due to its toxicity, onitrobenzene requires careful handling. It can be absorbed through the skin, inhaled, or ingested, and can cause methemoglobinemia, a condition where the blood's ability to carry oxygen is reduced. Appropriate safety precautions and personal protective equipment are essential when working with this compound.