okuratoxin

Okuratoxin is a potent neurotoxin produced by the marine dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum, which is commonly found in coastal waters around the world. This toxin is responsible for causing okuramycotic shellfish poisoning, a type of foodborne illness that primarily affects humans who consume contaminated shellfish. The primary symptoms of okuramycotic poisoning include gastrointestinal distress, such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, followed by neurological symptoms like dizziness, headache, and in severe cases, paralysis and respiratory failure. The toxin acts by inhibiting the release of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter, at the neuromuscular junction, leading to muscle weakness and paralysis.

Okuratoxin is a cyclic imine, specifically a guanidine derivative, and is structurally related to other marine toxins such as brevetoxins and ciguatoxins. The toxin is heat-stable and resistant to common food processing methods, making it particularly challenging to eliminate from contaminated shellfish. Monitoring and testing programs are crucial for identifying and managing okuratoxin contamination in shellfish populations. Public health agencies and regulatory bodies work to ensure the safety of seafood products and to provide guidelines for consumers to minimize the risk of exposure to this toxin.