nátriumhidroxid

Nátriumhidroxid, also known as sodium hydroxide or caustic soda, is a highly caustic inorganic base with the chemical formula NaOH. It is a white solid that is extremely hygroscopic, readily absorbing moisture from the air.

In aqueous solution NaOH dissociates into sodium ions and hydroxide ions, producing a strongly alkaline environment. The dissolution is highly exothermic, releasing significant heat. Pure NaOH melts at about 318 °C and decomposes before boiling. It is highly soluble in water and forms alkaline solutions used in many industrial processes.

Nátriumhidroxid reacts with acids to form corresponding salts and water. It also reacts with carbon dioxide in air to form sodium carbonate according to 2 NaOH + CO2 → Na2CO3 + H2O. In contact with certain reactive metals, especially aluminum, NaOH can generate hydrogen gas, presenting a safety hazard.

Production typically occurs on an industrial scale via the chlor-alkali process, which electrolyzes a sodium chloride solution to yield chlorine gas, hydrogen, and sodium hydroxide. Historically other methods contributed to production, but the chlor-alkali route is the dominant modern method.

Uses are widespread and include chemical manufacturing, paper and pulp processing, soap and detergent production, drainage and oven cleaners, and pH adjustment in water treatment and various industrial processes. Due to its caustic nature, NaOH requires careful handling and appropriate protective equipment.

Safety and handling: NaOH is highly corrosive to skin, eyes, and respiratory tissue. It should be stored in labeled, tightly closed containers in a dry, well-ventilated area away from acids and reactive metals. In case of spills, neutralization and proper disposal procedures are used to avoid environmental damage.