njerëzoraftësitë

Njerëzoraftësitë is a term used in Albanian to denote the capabilities approach, a theoretical framework focused on what individuals are able to do and to become, rather than solely on the resources they possess or the happiness they report. In this view, well-being is constituted by real opportunities to achieve valued functionings.

Origin and development: The concept originated with the Indian economist Amartya Sen in the 1980s and was later refined by philosopher Martha Nussbaum, who proposed a list of central capabilities. The term is used in Albanian-language scholarship and policy discourse to translate and apply the broader ideas of the capabilities approach.

Key concepts: Functionings vs capabilities: Functionings are actual states of being and doing (for example, being well-nourished or literate). Capabilities are the freedoms or opportunities to achieve those functionings. Agency refers to the ability of individuals to pursue goals they value. The approach emphasizes non-income dimensions of development and social justice.

Applications and policy relevance: Njerëzoraftësitë informs assessments of poverty, health, education, gender equality, and human rights by focusing on real opportunities. It guides policies aimed at expanding substantive freedoms, not merely increasing resources or income.

Criticisms: The approach faces measurement challenges, cultural bias in prioritizing certain capabilities, debates about which capabilities should be considered central, and concerns about potential paternalism in specifying value choices.

Related topics include Amartya Sen, Martha Nussbaum, the Human Development Index, and broader discussions in development studies.