nippleareolar

The nipple-areolar complex (NAC) refers to the nipple and the surrounding pigmented areola on human breasts. It is present in both sexes, though it is typically more prominent in females. The NAC includes the nipple, which is a raised projection containing openings of the lactiferous ducts, and the areola, a circular pigmented area that encircles the nipple. The areola contains sebaceous Montgomery glands and smooth muscle fibers that contribute to nipple erection.

Anatomically, the NAC is richly innervated and supplied by blood vessels and nerves that provide sensation and vascular changes during hormonal fluctuations, pregnancy, and lactation. The nipple contains ducts that transport milk from the breast to the nipple during breastfeeding. The areolar skin is often darker and thicker than surrounding skin and houses glandular tissue that lubricates the nipple during lactation.

Variation in the NAC is common. Size, color, and projection vary widely among individuals and can change with age, pregnancy, and hormonal status. Conditions affecting the NAC may include inverted nipples, enlarged areolae, or lesions. Nipple discharge, dermatitis, infection, or Paget disease are examples of medical concerns that warrant evaluation by a clinician.

In clinical practice and surgery, preserving or reconstructing the NAC can be important for aesthetic and functional outcomes, particularly in breast procedures such as augmentation, reduction, reconstruction after mastectomy, or transgender-related surgery. The NAC's sensitivity and function make it a focal point in breast health, lactation, and cosmetic care.