neurosubstances

Neurosubstances are chemical compounds that play a crucial role in the functioning of the nervous system. They are produced by neurons and are involved in various processes such as neurotransmission, neuroprotection, and neuroplasticity. These substances can be classified into several categories based on their functions and structures.

Neurotransmitters are the primary class of neurosubstances, responsible for transmitting signals across synapses. Examples include dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine. Neurotransmitters are released from presynaptic neurons and bind to receptors on postsynaptic neurons, triggering a response.

Neuromodulators, on the other hand, influence the activity of neurons without directly causing an action potential. They can either enhance or inhibit the effects of neurotransmitters. Examples include norepinephrine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

Neuropeptides are another category of neurosubstances, consisting of short chains of amino acids. They often have more complex functions than neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. Examples include endorphins, which are involved in pain modulation, and oxytocin, which plays a role in social behavior and reproduction.

Neurotrophins are a group of proteins that support the survival, growth, and differentiation of neurons. They are essential for the development and maintenance of the nervous system. Examples include nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF).

Neurosubstances are synthesized, stored, and released by neurons, and their actions are terminated through reuptake or degradation. Dysregulation of neurosubstances is associated with various neurological and psychiatric disorders, making them a target for pharmaceutical interventions. Understanding the roles and mechanisms of neurosubstances is a key area of research in neuroscience.