neuroactivity

Neuroactivity refers to the dynamic processes by which the nervous system carries information. It encompasses electrical signaling by neurons, including action potentials and postsynaptic potentials, as well as chemical signaling at synapses and the associated metabolic activity that sustains neural function. Neuroactivity forms the basis of perception, thought, movement, and learning, and it varies across brain regions, states (wakefulness, sleep, anesthesia), and developmental stages.

Researchers study neuroactivity with a range of methods. Direct recordings from neurons or neural populations, such as intracranial or patch-clamp techniques, provide high temporal and, in some cases, high spatial resolution but are invasive. Noninvasive approaches include electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). EEG and MEG capture fast electrical and magnetic activity with excellent temporal resolution; fMRI measures hemodynamic responses that are slower and spatially broader but offer whole-brain coverage. All methods rely on neurovascular coupling or electrophysiological signals, and interpretations must account for artifacts and individual variability.

Understanding neuroactivity supports insights into normal brain function and a wide range of disorders. Abnormal patterns are linked to epilepsy, sleep disorders, mood and cognitive disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. Neuroactivity data underpins brain-computer interfaces, neurofeedback, and neuromodulation therapies, and informs models of perception, attention, memory, and consciousness.