neardrowning

Neardrowning is a term historically used to describe a nonfatal drowning event in which a person survives after immersion or submersion in water. In modern medical terminology, the preferred wording is nonfatal drowning; near-drowning is still encountered in lay language and older literature, but both terms refer to survival after an aquatic submersion with risk of hypoxia and related complications.

Causes and setting: Near-drowning can occur in pools, bathtubs, lakes, oceans, or other bodies of water. Risk factors include lack of supervision, young age, epilepsy, alcohol or drug use around water, and preexisting medical conditions that affect breathing or consciousness. The duration of submersion and the amount of water inhaled influence the likelihood of complications.

Clinical presentation and assessment: Symptoms may appear during or after rescue and can include coughing, shortness of breath, wheezing, chest pain, or fatigue. Some individuals, especially children, may have delayed symptoms such as irritability or sleepiness. Evaluation typically involves a physical exam, oxygen saturation monitoring, and, if indicated, chest imaging and blood gas testing. Observation in a medical setting is common to detect delayed complications.

Management and prognosis: Immediate rescue and emergency medical services are essential. In the hospital, treatment focuses on ensuring adequate oxygenation, monitoring for respiratory distress, and managing complications such as pneumonia or pulmonary edema. Many people recover fully with prompt care, but prolonged hypoxia or severe submersion can cause lasting neurological deficits or fatalities. Prevention emphasizes supervision, barriers around water, life jackets, swimming ability, and avoiding alcohol near water.

See also: nonfatal drowning, drowning, secondary drowning.