natron

Natron is a naturally occurring evaporite mineral primarily composed of sodium carbonate decahydrate (Na2CO3·10H2O). In archaeological contexts, natron also refers to the dried mixture derived from saline lake beds that was used by ancient Egyptians for mummification and cleaning.

Pure natron minerals occur in desert basins and evaporite deposits; the most famous source is the ancient Egyptian site Wadi el Natrun, though other deposits exist in Africa and the Middle East.

Formation occurs when saline lakes evaporate and precipitate carbonates, chlorides, and other salts. The hydrated sodium carbonate decahydrate gradually dehydrates with exposure to air and heat.

Historically, natron was essential in mummification, used to dry and preserve soft tissues. It also served as a cleansing agent and, in some cultures, as a flux in glassmaking.

In modern industry, natron-rich deposits are mined as a source of soda ash (sodium carbonate), which is refined for glass, detergents, paper, and chemical syntheses. Natural natron deposits are less used as a bulk soda-ash source today because of dedicated production from synthetic processes, but they remain a geological and historical resource.

Safety: Natron is alkaline and can irritate skin and eyes; avoid inhaling dust and contact with acids. It should be kept dry and away from moisture to prevent dissolution.