naphtének

Naphthenes are a group of cyclic saturated hydrocarbons. They are also known as cycloalkanes. The general formula for naphthenes is CnH2n. The simplest naphthene is cyclopropane, with three carbon atoms. Other common naphthenes include cyclopentane (five carbon atoms) and cyclohexane (six carbon atoms).

Naphthenes are found in petroleum and are an important component of gasoline. They are also used as solvents and in the production of various chemicals. The term "naphthene" was originally coined by chemist Nikolai D. Zelinsky in 1900. He derived it from the Greek word "naphtha," which refers to petroleum.

The physical properties of naphthenes vary depending on their size and structure. Smaller naphthenes, such as cyclopropane and cyclobutane, are gases at room temperature. Larger naphthenes, like cyclohexane and cyclopentane, are liquids. They are generally colorless and have a characteristic odor.

Naphthenes undergo typical alkane reactions, such as combustion and halogenation. However, the ring structure can introduce some unique reactivity, particularly for smaller rings like cyclopropane, which is strained and more reactive. Their presence in crude oil influences its properties and how it is processed. Fractional distillation of petroleum yields fractions rich in naphthenes, which are then further refined.