nanoparticlesparticularly
Nanoparticles are particles with at least one dimension in the 1 to 100 nanometer range. At these scales, materials often exhibit property changes relative to bulk form, including increased surface area-to-volume ratio, altered optical and electronic behaviors, and enhanced reactivity. Because of their small size, nanoparticles can interact with biological systems and materials in unique ways, which both enables applications and raises safety considerations.
Nanoparticles come in various classes, including metallic (gold, silver), metal oxides (titania TiO2, zinc oxide ZnO),
Common applications span medicine (drug delivery, imaging, diagnostics), electronics and photonics (sensors, quantum dots, conductive inks),
Safety considerations focus on potential toxicity, inhalation during manufacturing, ecological impact, and persistence. Characterization and standardization