nanocells

Nanocells are nanoscale particles or artificial cellular systems designed to mimic certain cellular functions or to carry and deliver molecules for research, medical, or industrial uses. They can function as carriers, sensors, or miniature reactors, depending on their design and intended application.

Nanocells are typically constructed as lipid-based vesicles (liposomes), polymeric nanoparticles, inorganic cores with protective coatings, or hybrid assemblies that combine features of these materials. The structures may include a core cargo and a protective shell, and often feature surface modifications such as targeting ligands or stealth polymers to improve biocompatibility or targeting.

Applications include targeted drug and gene delivery, contrast agents for imaging, and biosensing or catalysis. Many nanocells are designed to respond to environmental stimuli, releasing their payload in response to pH changes, temperature shifts, redox conditions, or enzymatic activity. They can also protect sensitive cargos from degradation and improve circulation time in biological systems.

Fabrication methods encompass self-assembly, nanoprecipitation, emulsification, and layer-by-layer deposition. Common characterization metrics are size distribution (often 10–200 nm), surface charge, loading efficiency, release kinetics, and stability in biological fluids. Researchers evaluate biocompatibility, pharmacokinetics, and functional performance in relevant models.

Challenges include ensuring safety and biocompatibility, avoiding rapid clearance by the immune system, achieving scalable manufacturing, and meeting regulatory requirements. Ongoing work aims to improve targeting accuracy, payload control, and integration with diagnostic or therapeutic platforms.