nadawcakanaodbiorca

Nadawca–kanał–odbiorca is a basic linear model of communication used in Polish-language education and discussions of information exchange. It describes the straightforward flow of a message from one person to another through a medium, focusing on the core elements of sending, transmitting, and receiving.

The nadawca (sender) is the originator of the message. The nadawca encodes ideas into symbols or signals suitable for transmission, selecting language, tone, and form to convey intent. The kanał (channel) is the medium through which the message travels, such as spoken language, written text, radio, television, or digital networks. The odbiorca (receiver) decodes the message, interpreting the symbols and extracting meaning based on prior knowledge and context.

In this model, a factor commonly acknowledged is noise, which can distort or interfere with the transmission at any point along the channel. Because the model is linear and unidirectional, it often omits feedback, which in more complex approaches (for example, interactive models) is treated as an explicit component that allows the receiver to respond and the sender to adjust the message.

Usage and limitations: the nadawca–kanał–odbiorca framework is widely used for introductory explanations of communication processes, media literacy, and information theory. While it helps illustrate the basic flow of information, critics note that it oversimplifies real communication, which involves feedback, context, culture, interpretation, and social dynamics.