nacionalizmus

Nacionalizmus is a political ideology and movement that emphasizes loyalty, devotion, or allegiance to a nation or nation-state and holds that the nation should govern itself, free from outside interference. It often involves a strong sense of national identity, characterized by shared cultural traits such as language, ethnicity, religion, and history, which are believed to distinguish one nation from another.

The origins of modern nationalism are often traced to the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, which promoted the idea of popular sovereignty – that political power resides with the people, who form a nation. This concept challenged the legitimacy of monarchies and empires based on dynastic rule or divine right. Nationalism played a significant role in the formation of many modern nation-states, particularly in 19th-century Europe, through unification movements (like in Germany and Italy) and independence struggles against imperial powers.

Nationalism can manifest in various forms. Civic nationalism, for instance, defines belonging to a nation based on shared political institutions, laws, and citizenship, regardless of ethnicity or origin. Ethnic nationalism, on the other hand, defines a nation by a common ancestry, language, or cultural heritage. While nationalism can foster unity and self-determination, it has also been associated with conflict, xenophobia, and discrimination against minority groups or other nations. Its impact on international relations and internal politics remains a significant and complex phenomenon worldwide.