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Myelodysplastic syndromes, often abbreviated as MDS, are a group of blood cancers in which immature blood cells, called blasts, in the bone marrow do not mature or develop properly. As a result, these immature cells, known as dysplasia, cannot function correctly and die prematurely. This leads to a shortage of healthy blood cells, a condition known as cytopenia. MDS can affect the production of red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets. Symptoms vary depending on which type of blood cell is affected and can include fatigue, frequent infections, and easy bruising or bleeding. MDS is more common in older adults, with the average age at diagnosis being around 70 years. The exact cause of MDS is often unknown, but risk factors can include previous chemotherapy or radiation therapy, exposure to certain chemicals, and genetic mutations. Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, blood tests, and a bone marrow biopsy. Treatment approaches for MDS are varied and depend on the specific type of MDS, the patient's overall health, and the severity of their symptoms. Options may include supportive care such as blood transfusions and growth factors, medications to stimulate blood cell production, or in some cases, stem cell transplantation. While MDS cannot always be cured, treatments can help manage symptoms, improve quality of life, and in some instances, prevent the progression to acute myeloid leukemia (AML), another type of blood cancer.