myeloom

Myeloom is not a standard medical term. It is often a misspelling or informal reference to myeloma, usually multiple myeloma. Multiple myeloma is a hematologic cancer in which malignant plasma cells accumulate in the bone marrow and can cause bone damage, abnormal proteins, anemia, and kidney problems.

Common symptoms include bone pain, especially in the back or ribs; fatigue from anemia; increased infections; and high calcium levels that can cause thirst, confusion, and constipation. Bone lesions may weaken bones and lead to fractures.

Cause and risk factors: The exact cause is unknown. Risk factors include older age (typically over 60), male sex, and African ancestry. A family history, prior radiation exposure, and certain environmental factors have been linked to higher risk in studies.

Diagnosis: Evaluation uses blood and urine tests, imaging, and a bone marrow biopsy. Serum protein electrophoresis and immunofixation detect monoclonal proteins; the free light-chain assay helps quantify abnormal light chains. Imaging identifies bone lesions; the bone marrow biopsy confirms clonal plasma cells.

Classification and prognosis: Disease is staged by systems such as ISS or revised ISS, incorporating biomarkers and cytogenetics. Active disease requires treatment; prognosis depends on stage, age, and treatment response.

Treatment: Front-line regimens combine proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs, and corticosteroids, often followed by autologous stem cell transplant if eligible. Monoclonal antibodies, radiation for focal lesions, and supportive care (bisphosphonates, transfusions, infection prevention) are also used. Ongoing monitoring is standard.