muudest

Muudest is an Estonian grammatical form meaning “from others” or “out of others.” It is the elative plural form of the determiner/adjective muu, which means “other.” It is used to indicate origin or source with a plural noun, often in expressions that describe where something comes from.

Morphology and usage

Muudest is formed from the plural base muud with the elative plural suffix -est. It typically precedes a plural noun in a phrase that denotes source. Examples include muudest allikatest (from other sources) and muudest materjalidest valmistatud esemed (objects made from other materials). In these contexts, muudest functions to specify that the referenced items come from groups or sets other than the one in focus.

Nuances and comparison

Muudest is commonly used for things and abstract materials rather than people; for people, the related form teistest is more natural in many contexts. The choice between muudest and teistest can reflect the kind of contrast or comparison intended, with muudest emphasizing “other things/materials/sources” and teistest highlighting “other people.”

Etymology

Muudest derives from the base muu (“other”) with the elative plural suffix -est, a standard pattern for indicating origin or source in Estonian phrases involving plural nouns.

See also

Other related forms of muu include the nominative plural muud and the genitive plural muude. The contrast with teistest is a common point of reference in Estonian grammar when discussing expressions of source or contrast.