murmurationer

The Murmurationer (species name *Turdus murmuration*) is a small passerine bird belonging to the family Turdidae. It was first described in 1874 by the ornithologist Edward Mallory based on specimens collected in the highlands of the Andes. The name combines the Latin *turdus*, meaning thrush, with the English word “murmuration,” referring to the synchronized flight displays that are a hallmark of the species.

Morphologically, the Murmurationer measures between 12 and 14 centimetres in length and weighs approximately 15 grams. Its plumage is predominantly dark brown on the back and wings, with a lighter, buffish belly. A distinctive feature is a pale throat patch that appears when the bird is in flight. The species has a short, rounded tail and a slightly hooked bill adapted for insectivorous feeding.

Distribution and habitat are restricted to montane cloud forests from central Peru to northern Chile at elevations of 1,500 to 3,000 meters. Within this range the Murmurationer is usually found in dense understory and shrubby zones but can occasionally be seen in the canopy. It prefers areas with abundant mist and frequent rainfall, which support its prey base of flying insects.

Behaviorally, the Murmurationer engages in spectacular, collective murmurations during the breeding season, often forming dense, spiraling clouds that move in a coordinated manner. These displays are thought to serve both territorial and anti-predator functions. The species is predominantly territorial, maintaining a breeding pair's space via vocalizations and flight displays.

The Murmurationer is currently classified as Least Concern by the IUCN Red List, although its restricted range makes it vulnerable to habitat loss from logging and climate change. Conservation efforts focus on protecting cloud forest corridors and mitigating human encroachment.