multiplexingmeetodid

Multiplexingmeetodid are techniques used to transmit multiple signals over a single physical medium by combining them into one composite signal. The purpose is to increase transmission efficiency, maximize channel utilization, and enable scalable communication networks. These methods apply to analog and digital signals across copper cables, radio links, and optical fibers, and they influence factors such as bandwidth, latency, complexity, and susceptibility to interference.

Time-division multiplexing (TDM) assigns distinct time slots to each signal within a repeating frame. Synchronous TDM uses fixed slots; statistical or adaptive TDM reallocates unused slots to active signals, improving efficiency. Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) splits the available spectrum into separate frequency bands for each signal; guard bands reduce interference. Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) extends FDM into optics by using different light wavelengths to carry separate channels over a single fiber. Code-division multiplexing (CDMA or CDMA-based multiplexing) encodes signals with unique codes to allow simultaneous transmission over the same medium, at the cost of encoding and decoding complexity. Spatial multiplexing uses multiple antennas or spatial paths to carry independent data streams, a key technique in modern wireless and fiber systems.

Other forms include statistical multiplexing, used in packet-switched networks where packets from different sources share routes based on demand, and subcarrier or subband multiplexing in cable and radio links. The choice of method depends on application requirements such as bandwidth, latency, synchronization, hardware cost, and regulatory considerations. While multiplexing increases capacity, it also introduces synchronization needs, coding overhead, and potential cross-talk or noise that must be managed through protocols, modulation, and error-correction techniques.