mootorid

Mootorid, the Estonian term for engines, are devices that convert energy into mechanical work. In common use, engines produce rotational power by transforming chemical energy from fuels into kinetic energy. The majority of motors in transportation are internal combustion engines, where fuel combustion occurs inside cylinders, driving pistons that turn a crankshaft. These engines typically run on gasoline or diesel, but may use natural gas, LPG, ethanol, or biofuels. They vary in configuration, such as inline, V, flat, or opposed-piston layouts, and in the number and arrangement of cylinders. They also differ by cycle: Otto-cycle gasoline engines, Diesel-cycle engines, and newer Atkinson or Miller variants.

External combustion engines, such as steam engines, burn fuel to generate steam that expands to do work. More recently, electric motors convert electrical energy directly into motion and are common in modern machinery and vehicles, though they are not engines in the thermodynamic sense.

Early mootorid evolved from steam engines of the 18th century to practical internal combustion engines in the late 19th century, led by pioneers including Nikolaus Otto, Gottlieb Daimler, and Karl Benz. They powered automobiles, ships, aircraft, and industrial machinery, transforming transportation and industry.

Efficiency and emissions are central concerns for mootorid. Techniques such as turbocharging, direct injection, variable timing, and hybridization aim to improve fuel economy and reduce pollutants. As energy systems transition, mootorid continue to evolve alongside electric propulsion and alternative fuels.