monogam

Monogam is a term used to describe a pattern of sexual and emotional relationships characterized by commitment to a single partner. In sociology and anthropology, monogam can refer to social monogamy, a pair bond in which two adults live together, share resources, and often cooperate in parenting. Sexual monogamy denotes exclusivity in sexual relations with that partner. In biology, genetic or "genetic monogamy" refers to whether two individuals are the sole genetic parents of their offspring; in many species, social monogamy occurs alongside occasional extra-pair copulations, so genetic monogamy is not guaranteed.

Humans exhibit a range of practices. Serial monogamy—entering into a succession of exclusive relationships—has been common in many modern societies. Some cultures historically or legally recognize lifelong monogamy as the norm, while others permit polygynous or other arrangements. The legal and social framework around marriage often reinforces monogamous expectations, including norms about fidelity and parental responsibility.

In biology, monogamy has evolved in various species, particularly birds and some mammals; evolutionary explanations emphasize paternal care, cooperative breeding, and mate guarding, though ecological and sexual-selection pressures differ by species.

Related concepts include polygamy and polyandry, as well as polyamory, which involves multiple consensual relationships. Monogamy remains a contested and culturally diverse system, with ongoing debates about its naturalness, benefits, and social implications.