monete

Monete are metal pieces that function as money in many economies. They are typically issued by a government or monetary authority and are used in everyday transactions, in circulation alongside banknotes and electronic money. The term derives from the Latin moneta, connected to the goddess Juno Moneta, and in Italian and some other languages the plural monete denotes coins.

Historically, coins emerged in the first millennium BCE, with kingdoms such as Lydia and Ionia issuing the first standardized pieces. From there coinage spread to Greece and Rome and later to medieval and early modern Europe. Coins provided a portable, standardized unit of value with defined weight and fineness, which facilitated trade beyond barter. Over time coinage expanded in denomination, alloy, and design, and authorities introduced mintage standards, mint marks, and commemorative issues.

Modern coins are typically made from base metals or alloys, such as copper, nickel, zinc, or their combinations, and are produced by minting or striking blank discs (planchets) between engraved dies. Many countries issue coins in a set of denominations appropriate for everyday transactions, as well as special or commemorative coins. Some coins are intended for circulation, others for collectors; commemoratives may celebrate events, people, or achievements and can have higher artistic or collector value. Modern systems also use bi-metallic and clad coins, and coins may bear features to deter counterfeiting, such as micro-engraving or edge designs.

In numismatics, the study of coins and currency, monete are valued not only for their face value but also for their historical, artistic, and metallurgical significance. See also: coinage, currency, numismatics, mint.