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Molecules are fundamental units of chemistry composed of two or more atoms bonded together by chemical forces. They form the basis of all matter, from simple gases like oxygen (O₂) to complex biological molecules such as DNA and proteins. The behavior and properties of molecules determine the characteristics of substances, influencing everything from physical states (solid, liquid, gas) to chemical reactivity and biological function.

Atoms within a molecule are held together by covalent bonds, where electrons are shared between nuclei, or by ionic bonds, where electrons are transferred. The arrangement of atoms and the types of bonds create distinct molecular structures, which can be linear, branched, or ring-shaped. For example, water (H₂O) consists of two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom in a bent shape, contributing to its unique properties like high surface tension and solvent capabilities.

Molecules can exist as pure substances or mixtures, such as in solutions or alloys. Their interactions with light, heat, and other molecules drive chemical reactions, enabling processes essential to life, such as metabolism and photosynthesis. Spectroscopy and computational modeling are key tools used to study molecular structures and behaviors, revealing insights into their roles in chemistry, physics, and biology.

In organic chemistry, molecules often contain carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, or other elements, forming vast networks of compounds like hydrocarbons, alcohols, and acids. Inorganic molecules, such as carbon dioxide (CO₂) or ammonia (NH₃), play critical roles in environmental processes and industrial applications. Understanding molecular interactions is vital for advancements in materials science, medicine, and technology, from designing new drugs to developing sustainable materials.