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Molecules are fundamental units of chemistry composed of two or more atoms bonded together by chemical forces. They form the basis of all matter, from simple gases like oxygen (O₂) to complex biological molecules such as DNA and proteins. The behavior and properties of molecules determine the characteristics of substances, influencing everything from physical states (solid, liquid, gas) to chemical reactivity and biological function.
Atoms within a molecule are held together by covalent bonds, where electrons are shared between nuclei, or
Molecules can exist as pure substances or mixtures, such as in solutions or alloys. Their interactions with
In organic chemistry, molecules often contain carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, or other elements,