modelsorganisms

Model organisms are species that are extensively studied to understand biological processes that are conserved across many organisms, including humans. They are chosen for their experimental tractability and the degree to which their genetics, development, and physiology illuminate fundamental principles. Ideal model organisms typically have short generation times, small genomes, ease of care, and a wealth of genetic and genomic resources, though no single model can capture all biological complexity.

Common model organisms include Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (bacteria and yeast) for basic cellular and genetic functions; Arabidopsis thaliana for plant biology; Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster for development and neuroscience; Danio rerio (zebrafish) for vertebrate development and genetics; and Mus musculus (the house mouse) for mammalian biology and disease modeling. These systems have enabled advances in genetics, cell biology, physiology, and evolutionary biology. Genetic tools such as knockout mutations, transgenic lines, and CRISPR-based editing, along with comparative genomics, are routinely applied to dissect gene function and signaling pathways.

While powerful, model organisms have limitations. Not all human biology is conserved in model systems, and findings must be interpreted within the context of evolutionary distance. Ethical and welfare considerations guide the use of animal models, particularly vertebrates. Model organisms thus complement studies in non-model species and human data, contributing to a layered, iterative approach to understanding biology and disease.