minings

Mining is the process of extracting useful geological materials from the Earth, typically from ore bodies, veins, or deposits. It covers exploration, extraction, processing, and site rehabilitation, and includes metals such as iron, copper, and gold, as well as coal and industrial minerals.

Historically, mining began in ancient times for metals and expanded during the industrial era. Modern mining relies on geology, planning, and safety systems to balance ore recovery with environmental protection.

Common methods are surface mining (open-pit, strip, and quarrying) and underground mining (shaft, drift, room-and-pillar). Placer mining targets heavy minerals in sediments, and solution mining uses circulated fluids to dissolve minerals in place. Ore processing typically involves crushing and grinding, followed by separation methods such as flotation, gravity concentration, or leaching.

Environmental and social impacts include land disturbance, water pollution (for example, mine drainage), tailings management, and greenhouse gas emissions. Responsible mining includes reclamation, pollution controls, and engagement with affected communities.

Regulation covers permitting, environmental assessment, safety standards, and community rights. The industry is influenced by commodity prices and lifecycle considerations, from exploration through mine closure and site restoration.

Technological advances—automation, remote sensing, improved ore estimation, and better processing techniques—seek to improve efficiency and safety while reducing environmental footprint.