mikrofone

Mikrofone are devices that convert acoustic energy into electrical signals, enabling amplification, recording, and transmission of sound. In German, Mikrofone is the plural form of Mikrofon.

The basic concept evolved in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with several transduction principles. Carbon microphones, used in early telephones, change electrical resistance with diaphragm movement. Dynamic microphones rely on a moving coil in a magnetic field to induce voltage. Condenser microphones use a capacitor formed by a diaphragm and a back plate, producing a signal amplified by external power. Electret microphones incorporate a permanently charged dielectric, allowing small, inexpensive capsules used in many devices.

Common types include dynamic, condenser, electret, ribbon, and carbon microphones. Dynamic mics are robust and handle high sound pressure, making them popular for live performance. Condenser and electret mics offer greater sensitivity and broader frequency response, suitable for studio recording and broadcast, but often require external power. Ribbon microphones are praised for smooth high-frequency response but are more fragile. Carbon microphones are inexpensive and historically significant, though less common today. Polar patterns vary by design; omnidirectional mics pick up sound around the capsule, cardioid mics reject sounds from the rear, and Figure-8 mics pick up from both sides.

Applications span recording studios, live sound, broadcasting, telecommunication, and consumer electronics. Modern trends include USB and wireless microphones, compact condenser capsules, phantom power for powered condensers, and built-in digital signal processing to tailor sound in real time.