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microscopul

Microscopul is the Romanian term for the microscope, an instrument used to magnify objects that are too small to be seen clearly with the unaided eye. It allows researchers to observe cells, tissues, microorganisms, and fine material structures. The word derives from Greek mikros "small" and skopos "watching".

Its development began in the late 16th century with the work of Dutch instrument makers, who built

Most modern microscopes fall into two broad families: light microscopes, which use visible light and lenses,

Applications span biology, medicine, histology, materials science, and quality control in manufacturing. The technique is limited

Today, advances such as confocal optics and super-resolution methods extend the capabilities of light microscopy, while

early
compound
microscopes.
In
the
17th
century
Anton
van
Leeuwenhoek
improved
microscopic
optics
with
high-quality
single-lens
lenses
and
documented
microscopic
life.
Over
the
18th
and
19th
centuries,
more
robust
compound
microscopes
and
illumination
methods
expanded
their
use
in
science
and
medicine.
and
electron
microscopes,
which
use
electron
beams.
Light
microscopes
enable
brightfield,
phase-contrast,
darkfield,
and
fluorescence
imaging,
among
others.
Electron
microscopes,
including
transmission
(TEM)
and
scanning
(SEM)
models,
achieve
far
higher
resolution
but
require
vacuum
conditions
and
extensive
sample
preparation.
Common
components
include
the
objective
lens,
eyepiece,
stage,
condenser,
illumination
system,
and
focusing
controls.
Advanced
models
may
feature
digital
cameras
and
motorized
stages.
by
optical
diffraction,
giving
a
practical
resolution
around
200
nanometers
for
light
microscopes;
electron
microscopes
reach
sub-nanometer
scales.
Preparation
procedures
and
staining
can
introduce
artifacts,
and
electron
microscopy
is
generally
not
suitable
for
live
specimens.
scanning
probe
techniques
provide
surface
detail
at
atomic
scales.
The
microscope
remains
a
fundamental
tool
in
research
and
diagnostics,
evolving
with
digital
imaging
and
automation.