microcitosis

Microcytosis refers to a condition where red blood cells are smaller than normal. This is typically identified through a complete blood count (CBC) where the mean corpuscular volume (MCV), a measurement of the average size of red blood cells, is below the established reference range. While a lower MCV indicates microcytosis, it is important to note that this is a laboratory finding and not a diagnosis in itself.

Several underlying conditions can cause microcytosis. The most common cause in many parts of the world is iron deficiency anemia, where the body lacks sufficient iron to produce adequate hemoglobin, leading to smaller, paler red blood cells. Other causes include thalassemia, a genetic disorder affecting hemoglobin production, and anemia of chronic disease, where inflammation interferes with iron metabolism. Less common causes may include sideroblastic anemia or lead poisoning.

The symptoms of microcytosis are often related to the underlying cause. If microcytosis is due to iron deficiency anemia, symptoms can include fatigue, weakness, pale skin, and shortness of breath. Thalassemia can also present with similar anemia-related symptoms, and in severe cases, may require regular blood transfusions.

Diagnosis of microcytosis involves a CBC and further investigations to pinpoint the cause. These may include iron studies (serum iron, ferritin, total iron-binding capacity), hemoglobin electrophoresis, or assessment for inflammation. Treatment is directed at the underlying condition. For iron deficiency anemia, iron supplementation is prescribed. For thalassemia, management varies depending on the severity and may involve transfusions or bone marrow transplantation in severe forms.