microbiologie
Microbiologie, commonly called microbiology in English, is the scientific study of organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye. It covers bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and algae, as well as viruses, viroids, and prions when discussed in a broader sense. Microorganisms can exist as independent life forms, in colonies, or as part of complex ecosystems in soil, water, air, and inside hosts. The field aims to understand their physiology, genetics, metabolism, evolution, and ecological roles, as well as their interactions with other organisms including humans.
Subfields include bacteriology, virology, mycology, and parasitology, along with microbial ecology, environmental microbiology, industrial microbiology, and
Methods include light and electron microscopy, culture techniques with aseptic methods, and molecular tools such as
Historical notes: discovery of microorganisms by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in the 17th century; Pasteur's experiments and
Microbiology shapes medicine, public health, agriculture, and industrial biotechnology, as well as environmental stewardship. It also