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Mice are small mammals in the order Rodentia, with the genus Mus containing the best known species. The house mouse (Mus musculus) is widely distributed and associated with humans. Adults typically measure 6–9 cm in body length, have a tail of similar length, and weigh about 12–30 g. They have pointed snouts, large ears, and long whiskers; vision is limited but their sense of smell and hearing are keen.

Distribution and habitat: Wild mice occur across Europe, Asia, and Africa and have been introduced worldwide. They inhabit fields, woodlands, and grasslands, as well as urban and agricultural settings. House mice are especially adapted to living in human dwellings, storage facilities, and other buildings where food is available.

Biology and life cycle: Mice reach sexual maturity within a few weeks. In Mus musculus, gestation lasts about 19–21 days, and females can have several litters per year, typically yielding 5–12 offspring per litter. Offspring are weaned around three weeks after birth and begin breeding soon after.

Behavior and ecology: Mice are mostly nocturnal or crepuscular and social, living in groups with hierarchies. They are agile climbers and use gnawing to keep incisors worn. They rely on smell, hearing, and tactile cues to navigate and find food.

Diet and impact on humans: Mice are omnivores, feeding on seeds, grains, fruits, insects, and pantry items. They can be pests, contaminating food stores and damaging structures, wires, and insulation. They also serve as reservoirs and vectors for disease in some settings.

In research: Mice are widely used as laboratory model organisms in genetics, neuroscience, immunology, and pharmacology, due to their genetic similarity to humans and well-developed breeding techniques.