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metafizyki

Metafizyka is a branch of philosophy that studies the fundamental nature of reality, existence and the principles that underlie all phenomena, extending beyond what is accessible to empirical science. The term comes from Greek meta ta physika, “things after or beyond the physics,” attributed to Aristotle in reference to a collection of writings that followed his works on physics. Metafizyka seeks to understand what it means for something to be, the nature of being, and the most general structures that underlie objects, properties, and events.

Key topics in metafizyka include ontology (the study of being and existence), the nature of objects and

Historically, metafizyka has undergone several shifts. In ancient philosophy, Aristotle’s Metaphysics established core questions about being

The field remains debated: some view it as speculative yet essential for a coherent worldview; others emphasize

their
properties,
identity
and
change,
causality,
space
and
time,
modality
(possibility
and
necessity),
universals
and
particulars,
and
the
mind–body
relation.
Subfields
commonly
associated
with
metafizyka
include
ontology,
philosophy
of
mind,
philosophy
of
time,
philosophy
of
causation,
and
discussions
of
grounding
and
fundamentality.
and
causes.
Medieval
scholasticism,
notably
Thomas
Aquinas,
integrated
metaphysical
inquiry
with
theology.
In
the
modern
era,
Immanuel
Kant
challenged
calls
for
knowledge
of
things
as
they
are
in
themselves,
fostering
new
ways
of
thinking
about
justification
and
limits.
The
19th
and
20th
centuries
saw
phenomenology,
existentialism,
and,
in
the
analytic
tradition,
rigorous
methods
of
analysis
and
formal
theories
of
reference
and
necessity.
Contemporary
metafizyka
includes
naturalized
approaches
that
seek
compatibility
with
science,
debates
over
grounding
and
modality,
and
varied
views
on
the
reality
of
universals.
the
limits
of
metaphysical
claim
and
favor
empirical
science.