manometrien

Manometry is the measurement of pressure using devices called manometers. It covers absolute, gauge, and differential pressures by transforming pressure differences into readable changes in a fluid column or into electronic signals. The technique is foundational in fluid statics, hydraulics, and in many medical and industrial applications.

Historically, measurements of gas pressure and the development of devices like the mercury barometer contributed to the field of manometry. The U-tube and inclined-tube manometers became standard laboratory tools, later complemented by electronic transducers that provide continuous readings and digital data.

Common types include open-tube (U-tube) manometers for direct measurement, differential manometers for pressure differences, sealed variants for absolute pressure, and electronic or micromachined manometers that convert pressure to electrical signals. Fluid choice depends on measurement range, chemical compatibility, and temperature; calibration against traceable references is essential for accuracy.

Applications span meteorology (barometry), medicine (arterial and intracranial pressure measurements, respiratory mechanics), and industry (pipeline and process pressures). Practical use requires accounting for hydrostatic head, local gravity, and temperature effects, as well as safety considerations with hazardous fluids such as mercury. Modern practice often relies on digital sensors, while traditional liquid-column devices remain in use for teaching and simple measurements.