malacology

Malacology is the scientific study of mollusks, a diverse and widespread animal phylum that includes snails, slugs, clams, oysters, mussels, scallops, octopuses, squids, cuttlefishes, chitons, and tusk shells. Mollusks occupy marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments and exhibit a wide range of forms, ecologies, and life histories. Malacology encompasses their anatomy, development, behavior, ecology, taxonomy, and evolution.

The study of mollusks has roots in ancient shell collecting, with formal classification expanding during the 18th through 20th centuries. The name malacology derives from Greek roots meaning "soft" and "study." Modern malacology builds on classical descriptive work and incorporates advances in molecular genetics, imaging, and computational phylogenetics.

Subfields include taxonomy and systematics, functional anatomy and physiology, ecology and behavior, paleontology, and evolutionary biology. Methods range from anatomical dissection and microscopy to imaging techniques such as scanning electron microscopy and computed tomography, as well as genetic sequencing, isotopic analysis, and field surveys. Extensive museum collections and online databases support research and conservation.

Mollusks play crucial ecological roles as grazers, filter feeders, and prey, and they are important in fisheries and aquaculture. Shells and soft tissues contribute to cultural and economic resources in many regions. Malacology also informs conservation efforts by documenting biodiversity, monitoring environmental change, and understanding the impacts of ocean acidification and habitat loss on molluscan communities.