lykanthropy

Lykanthropy, sometimes spelled lycanthropy, is the belief or perception that one has transformed into a wolf or possesses the ability to shapeshift into a wolf. In scholarly use, the term covers two related but distinct phenomena: folkloric beliefs about werewolves and the psychiatric phenomenon known as clinical lykanthropy, a rare delusion occurring in psychotic or mood disorders.

Etymology and history go hand in hand. The word derives from Greek lykos, meaning wolf, and anthropos, meaning man. Historically, lykanthropy appears in European folklore of the Middle Ages and earlier, often linked to witchcraft, demonology, or curses. Werewolves and related shapeshifting myths occur in many cultures, with diverse explanations and rules about transformation, punishment, or magical ability.

In folklore, lykanthropy refers to the supposed transformation itself, which can be voluntary or involuntary, and is frequently integrated with moral or social meanings within a community. Popular culture has reinforced a close association with the moon, though mythic and literary traditions do not establish a scientific mechanism for lunar-driven transformation.

Clinical lykanthropy is a rare delusional misidentification syndrome in which individuals insist they have become, or are transforming into, a wolf. It can occur in the context of schizophrenic disorders, bipolar disorder with psychotic features, severe depression, temporal lobe epilepsy, or brain injury. Patients may report bodily changes, altered sensations, or delusional control of their limbs. Diagnosis is clinical and guided by an assessment for underlying psychiatric or neurological conditions.

Treatment focuses on managing the underlying condition, typically with antipsychotic or mood-stabilizing medications, psychotherapy, and safety planning. Because of its rarity, research on lykanthropy is limited, and understanding largely relies on case reports and broader studies of delusional disorders and psychosis.